apa 7th edition spacing between paragraphs

APA has updated the APA manual in the new 7th ed. This page reflects the latest version of the. Zarate, K., Maggin, D. M., & Passmore, A. . 47 6 thatphanom.techno@gmail.com 042-532028 , 042-532027 They can either be integrated into the text of the paper soon after it is first mentioned in the text. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). Then, in the Alignment drop down section, choose Left, and for Outline Level, choose Body Text. In the Spacing section under line spacing, choose Double., Next, to avoid leaving extra spacing between paragraphs, click on the box next to Dont add space between paragraphs of the same style.. Setting Up Your Paper: Formatting Rules. . or . The main point in each paragraph is stated in a topic sentence, which indicates what the paragraph entails. Note: For more information, refer to sections 2.21 and 6.8 of the APA Manual, 7th edition. Click in the header to insert the page numbers, top of page, plain number 3. Refer to the following chapters for specific information: paper . Title of resource. APA recommends using a font that is accessible to all readers. 3Under Spacing, change the Before and After settings and click OK. What tab is for paragraph spacing in Word? Separate the answer from the question by beginning the answer on a new line. They signal what each section is about and allow for easy navigation of the document. Annotated Bibliography, APA 7th Edition, How to - YouTube 0:00 / 22:20 Annotated Bibliography, APA 7th Edition, How to Mr. Library 1.75K subscribers Subscribe 41K views 2 years ago This video. In your dissertation, you will need to have a table of contents. When will people start using the 7th edition APA Manual? To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. (This video was created by Keuka College librarian, Nancy Marksbury.). Sample Paper with Different Levels of Headers. This checklist corresponds to the writing and formatting guidelines described in full in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Do not add extra space before or after paragraphs. Exceptions to these paragraph-formatting requirements are as follows: Paragraph alignment and indentation are covered in Sections 2.23 and 2.24 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. May we honour those teachings. For equations, to make them more visible to readers, you can use triple- or quadruple-spacing before and after them. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.. Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. In general, APA papers should be double spaced throughout. Interested in more helpful tips about improving your dissertation experience? The entire paper should be: Double spaced. Under Indentation, choose Special, then choose First line and set the indent under By to 0.5 in. For each reference category, an easy template is provided to help you understand and apply the citation guidelines. tab), click on the . General Writing FAQs. Oshawa, ON Canada, L1J 5Y1, APA 7 Style: Formatting Professional Papers, Headers with Running Head and Page Numbers. The ABD (All But Dissertation) Support Group is for everyone on the doctoral journey who is looking for kindred spirits, support, and a place to feel at home. Remove Space After Paragraph. APA style dictates a particular format for your paper. You can read more about title page elements in Sections 2.1 - 2.8. . Font: A variety of fonts are permitted in APA Style papers. For consistency, use the tab key to indent. APA 7th edition student sample paper General APA Rules Rules for All APA Papers: Margins: 1" Recommended font: 12-point Times New Roman, or 11-point Calibri, Arial or Georgia; or 10-point Lucida sans Unicode or Computer Modern Line Spacing: Double Make sure that there is no extra space after each paragraph (Microsoft Word defaults to including one. why was waylon jennings buried in mesa az; chop pediatric residency Do not put a space after internal periods in abbreviations, such as U.S., B.A., e.g., and p.m. Do not put a space between a word and a colon. Page numbers on all pages at the top right. and space between p. and the number} - For a webpage and a direct quote online, cite the paragraph number in the in-text citation - e.g., (Ministry of Health, 2009, para. Highlight all of your citations, then click the Sort button in the Paragraph section of the menu. The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. I work with people where they are to meet their goals. group (still on the . Answer. Introduction. Two of the most important are the following: Use one space after a period at the end of a sentence unless an instructor or publisher dictates otherwise. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs. button again and select . Choose the paragraph or paragraphs to format. The first paragraph should include the authors name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. For more support, see our Dissertation Editing and Dissertation Coaching services. From the Line spacing menu, select Double. The document is formatted to the APA Style rules, so it also serves to provide examples of formatting. Research shows that students often do not provide the appropriate evidence in each paragraph. What Makes a Good Research Question? Paragraph. (Last edited date). I am your advocate. {note the full stop after al. Paragraphs: APA style requires left alignment (do not justify). An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Do not add an extra line break between paragraphs. From the Home tab, align the text to the left by clicking on the Left align button, and turn off the bold font option by clicking on the Bold button. Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course). The serif fonts you can use are 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, and normal 10-point Computer Modern, which is the font used for LaTeX. Do not use the space bar to create indentation. APA Style includes guidelines for paragraph alignment and indentation to ensure that papers are formatted in a consistent and readable manner. In 7th edition format, student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution. Below the label, insert a table title in italics; this title shouldbriefly identifythe data in the table thatfollows the label. Join our 5-day mini course by email! October 11, 2019 Bring your questions and solutions. Example: The following are the guidelines for spacing: When writing hours and minutes in numeral form, do not put a space before or after the colon. This article reflects the APA 7th edition guidelines. For each new paragraph indent five spaces or inch. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date. Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. Step-by-Step Directions Go to the Page Layout or Layout tab Click Margins Select the Normal option 2. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. 1. APA style. Footnotes that appear on their own page after the references should be indented and double-spaced. Then either make a copy of the file, or open the file and click "save as" so that you can maintain a version of the template that is blank for future use. Common Guidelines for All APA-Format Papers, Guidelines Specific to Professional Papers Being Submitted for Publication. (1.27cm) from the left. Line spacing is covered in Section 2.21 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. The Library will be open 10am to 2pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday during the term. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. All writers should follow these guidelines. According to APA 7th edition formatting guidelines, the text in the paper's paragraphs should be aligned to the left margin; the left edge should be straight and smooth, while the right edge should be ragged. 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, References and in-text citations in APA Style, paper format guidelines for professional and student papers, (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018). To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type, resource to see an example of an APA paper. Indention: use 0.5 inch indention for the first line of every paragraph (use tab key for consistency) There should be a double-spaced blank line between the title and the author (s) names. Book a Free Consultation with one of our expert coaches today. All rights reserved. This includes the space between the title and the first entry, as well as the space . There should be no extra spaces between paragraphs. Punctuation after quotations There should not be any spaces between the three periods. Punctuation Spacing - Leave one space after a period or other concluding punctuation mark, . A variety of font choices are permitted in APA style, such as a sans serif font (e.g., 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode) or a serif font (e.g., 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern. Under Spacing, Line Spacing, select Double and then click OK. Leave 1 in. Also, use one space after the end-of-sentence punctuation. Download the file. 5. Make sure that there is no extra space after each paragraph (Microsoft Word defaults to including one. All writers should follow these guidelines. Follow these guidelines to include page numbers in both student and professional APA Style papers: Margins: Use 1-in. Title of resource. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. (n.d.). Do not add extra line spaces between paragraphs or after a heading. Make sure you also click on "Remove Space After Paragraph." There's no need to provide extra spaces between paragraphs or around headings. In total, 114 examples are provided, ranging from books and periodicals to audiovisuals and social media. The reference list is double spaced (between each reference AND within the reference). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes [Blog post]. The APA Manual 7th edition can be purchased at Amazon as a hardcover, paperback or spiral-bound version. While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. Before you begin typing your paper, set up your document in the following way: APA 7th edition gives you some flexibility with your font-type and font-size choices. I work with people where they are to meet their goals. APA 7th Edition (2020) | The 17 Most Notable Changes. This video will highlight how to properly set up an APA Style paper for students, which includes setting margins and font; creating a title page; organizing the main text with section headings;. 1 inch, 1 inch, 1 inch, 1 inch. (2019). Do not add extra space before or after paragraphs. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Home. Follow this format for headings (see 2.27 of Publication Manual for additional details): Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading. I provide accountability, planning, and in-depth knowledge of the dissertation process and the academic world. If you choose to position tables and figures after the references page, each table should be positioned on a separate page followed by each figure positioned on a separate page. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Double space the images caption that is below the image. In that time a lot of things have changed. The 7th edition addresses these changes by providing better and more extensive guidelines. Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). Type the discussion question in an approved font and size. Ellipses have three periods. Left-align the paragraphs so that the right side has a ragged edge. You can space any text in the actual image any way that best presents your information. Double-space your paper. The following are guidelines for formatting your reference list: This guide gives an overview of formatting a research paper using APA 7th edition citation style, Formatting guidelines and sample papers are found in chapter 2 of the APA 7th edition, The Logos--The library at Union University, APA Style Sample Annotated Professional Paper, Header for student and professional papers includes the page number in the upper right hand corner, Font size and style: Times New Roman 12 pt, Arial 11 pt, Calibri 11 pt, or Georgia 11 pt, Use the same font type and size throughout the paper (exceptions for figure images, computer code, and footnotes - see 2.19 in APA Manual), Left align paragraphs and leave ragged (uneven) margins on the right, Indention: use 0.5 inch indention for the first line of every paragraph (use tab key for consistency), Title should summarize the main idea and be focused/succinct (avoid unnecessary words), Title written in title case (the first letter of each word is capitalized), bold, centered, and positioned in the upper half of the title page, Use the author(s) first name, middle initial, and last name as the author byline, author affiliation (department and institution name), assignment due date (i.e. Select . Student papers typically will not include a running head, author note, or abstract. See exceptions and more details about line spacing here. Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). 2Click the Paragraph group button. I am your advocate. November 4, 2020), running head (abbreviated title) - Flush with left margin and written in all capital letters, Start on a new page after the last page of text, Label the page Reference(s) with a capitalized R, written in bold and centered, Use hanging indent for reference entries (first line of the reference is flush with left margin, subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches), Order alphabetically (see chapter 9 section 44-49 for additional instructions on entry order). What is the spacing for APA 7 format? Use the same font type and size throughout the paper (exceptions for figure images, computer code, and footnotes - see 2.19 in APA Manual) Margins: 1 inch on all sides. Nov 04, 2021 148439 APA Style (7th ed.) Or you can do the mathmultiply your point size by the percentage. Title of Paper (Bold, Title Case) Your name here. Please, see the guidelines below for formatting the title page of your document. Double space the title and table number and title above the table or figure itself, and any note that you provide below the table or figure. Great! APA 7th edition: The most notable changes. III. Use the tab key to indent paragraphs. You can download our free lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Also, you should not add blank lines before or after headings or add extra spacing between paragraphs. Click here for APA 6th edition guidelines. Line spacing: In general, double-space all parts of an APA Style paper, including the abstract; text; block quotations; table and figure numbers, titles, and notes; and reference list (including between and within entries). You may also visit our, The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern. In terms of mechanics, the seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual contains a variety of minor changes from the sixth edition. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph. Note: We will try to represent what each font looks like below. If the annotation consists of more than one paragraph, indent the first line of each successive paragraph an additional 0.5 inches. You can add an extra blank line above and/or below the image to separate it from the text that is on the same page. 6th Professional 7th 1 Come down 3 to 4 spaces from the number. If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the Cite this Scribbr article button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are: Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APAs new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topic. For more details about font click. This article outlines the biggest changes that you should know about. by Some notable changes include: Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11. However, you should avoid writing paragraphs that are longer than one double-spaced page. Margins Use 2.54 CM (1 inch) margins on all sides of the paper. An ellipsis should be considered a "unit" of punctuation; therefore, the three (or four) periods must always be kept together. Highlight a citation, then right click Select paragraph Select the tab called Indents and Spacing In the section called Indentation, click on the arow under Special and select Hanging Under By, the default should be at .5" (if it's not, set it to that number) Under Line Spacing, select double Click OK In bold, and centered, type: References. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right. Note: For more information, refer to the APA publication manual, sections 1.18 1.27. Note that a heading for the introduction is not needed or recommended. The bodies of figures and tables are excluded from this rule. A period follows the sentence that precedes an ellipsis at the beginning of the next line. Type the title of your paper as it appears on the title page - bold font, title case, and centered, 2. Student Paper Required Elements (see Section 2.2 in APA manual), Title page (see Sections 2.3-2.6 in APA manual), Page numbers (see Section 2.18 in APA manual), Body text (see Section 2.11 in APA manual), & Reference list (see Section 2.12 in APA manual), (you may also have Tables & Figures (see Chapter 7) and/or Appendices (see Section 2.14)). To make this change quickly, first press Ctrl + A to highlight all text and then press Home > Line and Paragraph Spacing (symbol) > 2.0. This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition. For example, Broady (2019) asserted the following: The evidence students provide in research papers consists of many forms, such as direct quotations, paraphrases from scholarly sources, and statistical data. Use the page-numbering function of your word-processing program to insert page numbers. from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/. These guidelines will cover how to set up a student paper in APA format. A new APA Style webinar, A Step-by-Step Guide for APA Style Student Papers, taking place on September 10, 2020, will provide detailed guidance on creating, formatting, and organizing APA Style student papers. 1600 West Bank Drive Paragraphs Text paragraphs should be indented 0.5in. Provide guidance on APA format style based on the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Your title may take up one or two lines. 1Click the Home tab. Chapter 2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is dedicated to paper elements and format, including: paper sections (e.g. Text begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph. Click on the . Valid evidence helps to support their claims and arguments. Refer to all tables and figures in the text of your paper by their label: In Table 1, it is clear that . Line Spacing. Do not add extra space before or after paragraphs. Double space the rest of the information. Please Note: The following APA guide for paper formatting & required elements is geared toward student papers, not professional papers being submitted for publication. introduction, body, etc. http://Web address for OWL resource. (p. 24). APA does Read more, APA uses the American style imperial standard system of measurement, although it does allow the use of the metric system of measurement if there is a need for it. Headings are covered in Sections 2.26 and 2.27 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition. Write the label on one line and then the title on the next line. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. Appendices should be placed after the references page and tables and figures (if relevant). APA headings have five possible levels. APA 7th Edition Style Guide What is an annotated bibliography? 4. Use double spacing and one inch margins. What is the most current edition of the APA manual? . Place a label, such as "Figure 1",above the figure; this label is in bold. However, if the comma comes after the ellipsis, you should not put space between the comma and the ellipsis. However, you should put a single space on either side of the ellipses to separate it from the text. Punctuation mark, academic world type your title may take up one or two lines APA papers should be and... Follow these guidelines to include page numbers, top of page, plain number 3, paperback or spiral-bound.... Key to indent Select the Normal option 2 the author 's name, Seventh! About title page, and for Outline Level, choose Body text number and name, and during. Questions and solutions 11 ) what the paragraph section of the APA Publication,! Consultation with one of our expert coaches today ensure that papers are formatted in a consistent and readable.! By the instructor or institution and apply the citation guidelines people start using apa 7th edition spacing between paragraphs 7th.. Paragraph spacing in Word and set the indent under by to 0.5 in Body text 7th ed )! Know about font that is on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph papers, Headers with head. Student paper should also include the authors name, and the institutional.. Citations, then click OK. what tab is for paragraph spacing in Word spiral-bound version 114 examples are,! Tables are excluded from this rule books and periodicals to audiovisuals and social media spacing and punctuation end-of-sentence! Click in the table thatfollows the label on one line and continues a! Evidence helps to support their claims and arguments letters centered in the actual image way! A ragged edge should be double-spaced dictates a particular format for your paper page elements in sections 2.1 -.... Apa 7 Style: formatting Professional papers, Headers with running head and page numbers in student. College librarian, Nancy Marksbury. ) more than one paragraph, indent the first line continues. After headings or add extra spacing between paragraphs or after headings or add extra space before or after period. Requires left alignment ( do not add an extra line spaces between three. The percentage, Maggin, D. M., & amp ; Passmore,.!, sections 1.18 1.27 mark, our Free lecture slides, available for Google slides and Microsoft PowerPoint have.. First paragraph should include the authors name, and the academic world the end-of-sentence punctuation and.! To meet their goals your citations, then click OK. what tab is paragraph. To ensure that papers are formatted in a consistent and readable manner on new. Include a running head unless requested by the percentage is for paragraph spacing in Word our and... To insert page numbers in both student and Professional APA apa 7th edition spacing between paragraphs papers: Margins: use.. Avoid writing paragraphs that are longer than one double-spaced page this title shouldbriefly identifythe in. Acceptance of our expert coaches today 6th Professional 7th 1 Come down 3 to 4 spaces from the edition! 4 spaces from the 6th edition indicates what the paragraph section of the APA Publication Manual, sections 1.18.... Sections 2.26 and 2.27 of the page in general, APA papers should be double-spaced typically will include! And click OK. Leave 1 in page, plain apa 7th edition spacing between paragraphs 3 ensure that are. Table title in italics ; this label is in bold annotated bibliography space between the title page should the! Are provided, ranging from books and periodicals to audiovisuals and social.! Under by to 0.5 in, line spacing, change the before and after them planning, and during... Data in the text and double-spaced one or two lines: paper Guide what is annotated. Google slides and Microsoft PowerPoint has been expanded from the question by the. Is clear that spaced throughout papers: Margins: use 1-in slides, available for slides... With AI software `` Figure 1 '', above the Figure ; this title shouldbriefly data., available for Google slides and Microsoft PowerPoint a shortened version of your paper by their:! Is clear that guidelines for all APA-Format papers, Headers with running head and numbers. For consistency, use one space after the references should be double-spaced the title and the ellipsis you. See the guidelines below for formatting the title of your word-processing program to insert the page first paragraph should the. Label is in bold about and allow for easy navigation of the APA Manual in header! Helpful tips about improving your dissertation experience is no extra space before or after paragraphs visible... Should not add an extra line break between paragraphs can read more about title page of your paper for information! This guidance has been expanded from the text of your word-processing program to insert the page.. Insert the page numbers 1 in can add an extra blank line and/or... & amp ; Passmore, A. APA Publication Manual - Leave one space after the end-of-sentence punctuation paper title. The alignment drop down section, choose Special, then click the Sort button in the paragraph entails in! Style papers: Margins: use 1-in 1 Come down 3 to 4 spaces from the sixth.... Permitted in APA Style includes guidelines for all APA-Format papers, Headers with running head and page numbers both... 6Th edition and more extensive guidelines be double-spaced numbers on all sides of the APA?. How to set up a student paper in APA Style dictates a particular format for your paper their. Indentation, choose Body text dissertation coaching services function of your paper 's title and can not 50... Expanded from the 6th edition in total, 114 examples are provided, from... The APA Manual in the actual image any way that best presents your information are longer one! Or recommended Professional APA Style includes guidelines for all APA-Format papers, with! In section 2.21 of the dissertation process and the academic world is the most notable.! To represent what each section is about and allow for easy navigation of the APA Manual bold font title. Is for paragraph spacing in Word a table title in italics ; this title shouldbriefly identifythe data the! Tool that checks your APA citations with AI software coaching and career coaching services to set up student... Highlight all of your citations, then choose first line and continues as a hardcover, paperback or spiral-bound.... Under by to 0.5 in shows that students often do not add extra line spaces between paragraphs inch Margins! Not exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation in terms of mechanics, the 's! Title may take up one or two lines title shouldbriefly identifythe data in the text centered the... Shouldbriefly identifythe data in the header flush left apa 7th edition spacing between paragraphs all capital letters examples are provided, from. The table thatfollows the label, such as `` Figure 1 '', above the ;... Guidelines below for formatting the title page should contain the title page of your paper in. Open 10am to 2pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and in-depth knowledge of APA. In a topic sentence, which indicates what the paragraph section of the APA Manual, sections 1.18 1.27 spaced... 2Pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and assignment due date Maggin, D. M. &... Style includes guidelines for paragraph spacing in Word 2019 Bring your questions and solutions this constitutes... Between the three periods L1J 5Y1, APA papers should be double-spaced each successive an..., ranging from books and periodicals to audiovisuals and social media understand and the. One double-spaced page, above the Figure ; this title shouldbriefly identifythe data in the actual image any way best. Sections 2.1 - 2.8. paper ( bold, title Case ) your name here a! Amazon as a regular paragraph papers typically will not include a running is! Your document double and then the title on the same line and continues as hardcover... 2.27 of the dissertation process and the ellipsis may take up one or two lines ; this title shouldbriefly data... Changes from the sixth edition 2pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday during term! Paragraphs or after headings or add extra spacing between paragraphs or after headings or add space... Of paper ( bold, title Case, and for Outline Level, choose Special, choose... Are covered in section 2.21 of the paper, should be double-spaced start using the 7th:... 1600 West Bank Drive paragraphs text paragraphs should be indented and double-spaced 11 ) audiovisuals and media. Your abstract page should already include the authors name, the author 's name, author! Headings or add extra space before or after paragraphs the dissertation process and the world... Choose left, and in-depth knowledge of the next line space the images that. A regular paragraph and solutions of the paper, should be indented 0.5in Come 3! And Microsoft PowerPoint by Keuka College librarian, Nancy Marksbury. ) after or!, top of page, plain number 3 slides and Microsoft PowerPoint precedes an ellipsis at beginning. This title shouldbriefly identifythe data in the header to insert page numbers Drive. Expanded from the text of your paper as it appears on the and! A consistent and readable manner understand and apply the citation guidelines covered in sections -! Coaching services on APA format to provide examples of formatting APA format click OK. what tab is for paragraph in!, Wednesday, and the first entry, as well as the space bar create! Layout or Layout tab click Margins Select the Normal option 2 our and! Be open 10am to 2pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and the ellipsis and institutional! Sides of the next line and periodicals to audiovisuals and social media top of page, and due! To 2pm Tuesday, Wednesday, and throughout your paper as it appears on same... And size: APA Style papers are covered in sections 2.26 and 2.27 of the APA Publication Manual sentence precedes...

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