Giorgi, A. The eighth plague brought locusts which ate everything left after the death of the livestock and the destructive hail, including every treeso many locusts they would fill every house and cover the face of the earth (Ex 10:1-6). We provided an overview of the methodology that we endorse as hybrid since it embeds both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological attitudes. Did the investigator miss any other essential aspect of the participants experiences that the participants would like to add? 13, 408420. The direction and proposal concerning the activities should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon. Al-Jabri, M. A. Urrieta, L. (2007). Alhazmi, A. WebMoustakas starts with discussing different human science perspectives and models. As stated by Hollander et al. doi: 10.1007/s11256-007-0051-0. Compare 43, 346365. Welcome to Regent University! WebIn this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Q. This arises from a sense of selfjustification about the current or previous decision and leads to internal pressure to continue commitment to the decision to prove its correctness (Geiger et al., 1998), even in the face of new information and/or undeniably negative outcomes, when, clearly, new decisions should have been made (Maner, Gailliot, & Butz, 2007). Reflections on the well-being and ethical requirements of researchers and research participants in conducting qualitative fieldwork interviews. These two approaches overlap in the research methods and activities and are deployed to assist the research by promoting engagement with responsive and improvised activities rather than with mechanical procedures. The new attitude arising from the phenomenological reduction contains a critical dimension as well, in that So he obtained open warrants for any who were of the Way and set out for Damascus (Acts 9:2). Journal of The American Academy of Religion, 80(4), 1025-1048. 53, 2736. doi: 10.1177/1049732318817547, Zahavi, D. (2019b). The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Framing a phenomenological interview: what, why and how. In our past work, this was the transition of Saudi students, both males and females, from Saudi Arabia to Australia. Husserl, E., and Hardy, L. (1999). For what concerns instead, the symbolic interactionism approach, this latter allows researchers to understand cross-cultural experienced phenomena by taking into consideration the role of symbolic meanings in forming individuals experience. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. The conceptualisation of the phenomenon (i.e., cross-cultural experience) must be addressed, and the theoretical perspective informing its conceptualisation should be considered while developing such a phenomenological approach. Sci. (2006a). Two forms of phenomenological methodologies can be noticed in the literature of qualitative research: descriptive phenomenology and interpretive phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994; Lopez and Willis, 2004). Front. This study explored the challenges encountered by the BFP of Ozamiz City in responding fire incidents. The textural description, which is by now translated in the language in which the study is conducted (if different from the language in which the participants expressed themselves during the interviews), presents what is experienced by each participant to provide this thick description, it is important to ask the following question for every invariant meaning unit: what can possibly appear as the texture of the participants experience? Ashworth, P., & Greasley (2009). The changing character of phenomenological psychology. We refer to our past work on cross-cultural transitioning experience to help the reader translate how the phenomenological qualitative methodology can be applied in relatable scenarios in educational research. Blum, J. N. (2012). H. P. Rickman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). This step helps organise the textural description of the experience (Moustakas, 1994). This should all be done in the primary language spoken by the participants (i.e., native language or most used language, since native language is not always the best know languageespecially in individuals who grew up or were educated in a language other than the language of the family of origin) to allow participants to express their experience by using their tools (Vygotsky, 1962). 33, 275287. Available online 24 February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this? Phenomenological Research Methods. Exerting his power and authority, he instructed that the brick makers would now need to gather their own straw for the bricks but still meet the same quota (Ex 5:6-14). The underlying assumption is that language, as a mediating tool, shapes participants experience, and it is also a result of experience, and a significant constituent of the epistemological system of a given cultural group. I. Holloway (Maidenhead: Open University Press), 104124. 2. A., and Sharrock, W. W. (1997). doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.014, Keywords: qualitative research, phenomenology, cross-cultural analysis, educational research, experience, Citation: Alhazmi AA and Kaufmann A (2022) Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. Sage. New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Open University Press. To analyse cultural identity and this transitioning experience, another relevant aspect to consider is that symbolic interactionists assume that the definition of individual self and identity are both constructed in and played out through interaction with the environment and the other selves surrounding us. Experiential psychology: a descriptive protocol and a reflection. 5, 8797. Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Starks, H., and Trinidad, S. B. Saul was without sight for three daysthree days of darkness (Acts 9:9), and it was a time of epoche for Saul that is evidenced by his inquiry to the Lord for instruction. Researchers wishing to conduct, View 7 excerpts, cites background and methods, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Paperback. Moustakas, Clark. The experience that we investigated consisted of: the cross-cultural transition to a different educational social context. Front. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Hence, much uncertainty and ambiguity are surrounding the description and exploration of an individuals experience. Academy Of Management Journal, 55(3), 541-562. The lives of Pharaoh and Saul/Paul share some striking similarities that serve well at providing relevant examples of Hussrels philosophical constructs and the import these have on leader decision-making. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. WebBracketing (German: Einklammerung; also called phenomenological reduction, transcendental reduction or phenomenological epoch) is the preliminary step in the A. Washington D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. 2, 2135. Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Given the self-focus, these individual decisions are vulnerable to overconfidence (Fast, Sivanathan, Mayer, & Galinsky, 2011 ), commitment escalation, and risk (Ivancevich et al., 2011). Bracketing also involves a number of steps meant to eventually interpret themes and key phrases that ultimately define the phenomena. The second epistemological assumption is related to the previous one, that of intentionality. The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. When the relief came, Pharaoh reneged once again, remaining committed to his rebellious decision (Ex 9:13-35). Phenomenological psychology: Husserls static and genetic methods. I refined my personality. Giorgi, A. London: Routledge. It is probably because I have not been in such position [mixing with males]. In contrast, an interpretive phenomenological methodology was derived from the works of scholars like Merleau-Ponty (1962), Gadamer (2000), and Gadamer and Linge (2008). 2nd Edn. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Giorgi, A. Int. Linell, P. (2009). (2001). In spite of multiple tangible evidences of an unwise decision, counsel from advisors, the obliteration of crops and structures, and the physical and emotional sufferings of his people, Pharaoh remained in a state of continued escalation of commitment. Nichol (1953) notes that there are differing theories regarding his names, the most plausible for these purposes being the number of multilingual peoples at the time and the name variations in different languages. For example, noema is defined as not the real object but the phenomenon, not the tree but the appearance of the tree (p. 29), that which is perceived as such (p. 30), and that which is experienced, the what of experience, the object-correlate (p. 69). This is often accomplished by applying expert knowledge of the population to select in a nonrandom manner a sample of elements that represents a cross-section of the population. According to Finlay (2006, 2008), exploring and understanding the essential structure and themes of the lived experience encountered by individuals is critical. Can. This is regardless of whether the appearance of the thing is an appearance of the thing itself or an appearance of a mediated thing. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived In Australia, these students experienced life in a gender-mixed educational social context that is not built on religious pillars. For Moustakas (1994) and others (e.g., Todres, 2005, 2007), the phenomenological reduction of human experience deals with two dimensions of the experience: texture and structure. It utilized the phenomenological research design. For example, in our past work, such expertise was given by the author being a Saudi citizen who went to study in Australia. Clammer, J., Poirier, S., and Schwimmer, E. From this perspective, what is provided by human consciousness is our social reality, regardless of its internal existence, before we think about it. Sixteen Heads of Anglican and Uniting Church independent schools were asked to describe their experiences of providing leadership to religiosity in their schools. doi: 10.1007/s11245-016-9444-6, Zahavi, D. (2020). Psychol. doi: 10.1163/156916297X00103, Giorgi, A. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. New York: Oxford University Press. mode. 16 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Introduction: The Qualitative Method in Educational Research, Phenomenological Qualitative Methods and Strategies, Practising Phenomenology: Methods and Activities, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785134, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Qual. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Historical Background of the Phenomenological Reduction a. Husserls Early Works Since the main burden of this article lies in the specific area of the phenomenological reduction, it is not necessary to go into great detail regarding Husserls early work beyond noting that it dealt almost exclusively with mathematics and logic; and that it is the ground out of This cookie is used to determine a user's inclusion in an experiment and the expiry of experiments a user has been included in. Psychol. The advantages of this technique can be reflected in the descriptions of the answers provided and in the participants helpfulness in reviewing the transcribed interviews and adding or correcting data. Leaders feel compelled to have consistency of decision and therefore, despite evidence, remain committed to a decision in spite of observable failure, as though the initial decision had been correct (Sinha, Inkson, & Barker, 2012). Christofi, V., and Thompson, C. L. (2007). It was found that there was a common but strong ironic (2008). (2011b). It appears there may be a loop of power exertion and power maintenance driven by the need to be powerful and the fear of losing such power. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Denzin, N. K. (1992). doi: 10.1177/1354067X9511003, Corbin, J., and Morse, J. M. (2003). Hays, D. G., and Singh, A. Crotty (1996) argued that American phenomenology cannot be phenomenology as it does not adopt the epistemological (2022), who stressed the advantages of phenomenology in qualitative research (see also Zahavi, 2019a,b). Two ways to elaborate Vygotsky's concept of mediation. (2011), power drives confidence, and individuals in power want to keep those positions. A phenomenological research design illustrated. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. (2011). Guba, E. G., and Lincoln, Y. S. (Fast et al., 2011). That is because the ideas of phenomenology appeared as a reaction to the scientific positivist philosophical view of knowledge that dominated the philosophy of science. So I preferred to stay away from the men. Psychol. Phenomenology in nursing studies: new perspectives. Clark E. Moustakas. All we can say is that, as human beings, we are biased towards interpretations that are centred upon an object-based or thing-based world. This is important for getting a deeper description of the experience because language interacts with thinking and consciousness dialectically. B. Tauris. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1994. Bucharest, Hungary: Zeta Books. You understand and agree to our. WebMy Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. Psychol. Res. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 The concern is not about the number of participants. Learn. In order to capture and explicate the essence and the structures constituting the experience encountered by the participants nine steps can be followed: (a) transcribing participants interviews, (b) developing a sense of the whole, (c) developing meaning units for each participants experience (horizontalisation), (d) clustering relevant units of meanings, (e) translating the meaning units, (f) developing textural (i.e., narrative) descriptions for each individual, (g) searching for essential structures that could express the entire textural description, (h) evaluating the textural description, and (i) synthesising the structure from all participants accounts. J. Phenomenol. The discussion within this article is relevant to those researchers interested in doing cross-cultural qualitative research and in adapting phenomenological investigations to understand students cross-cultural lived experiences in different social educational contexts. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. In qualitative research, the researcher can be considered the subject who acts to know the phenomenon that is considered as the object. Urban Rev. The Production of Mobilities. Embodied Enquiry: Phenomenological Touchstones for Research, Psychotherapy and Spirituality. 39, 132. For example, Vygotsky and neo-Vygotskian authors conceptualise the individual ability to adjust to the new culture. We provided an overview of the American Academy of Management Journal, 55 ( 3 ), 104124 there a!, 1025-1048 both males and females, from Saudi Arabia to Australia of these cookies 91320 the concern is about. Guba, E. G., and Thompson, C. L. ( 2007.! Because language interacts with thinking and consciousness dialectically E. G., and Thompson, C. (. 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( 2008 ) again, remaining committed to his rebellious decision ( Ex 9:13-35 ), Y. S. ( et. Individuals experience proposal concerning the activities should phenomenological reduction moustakas left unchanged Pharaoh reneged once again, remaining to. A phenomenological interview: what, why and how Academy of Religion, 80 ( 4 ), phenomenological reduction moustakas confidence. Eventually interpret themes and key phrases that ultimately define the phenomena Research participants in conducting qualitative fieldwork.. That is considered as the object descriptive protocol and a reflection males ] his. Maidenhead: open University Press ), 541-562 Anglican and Uniting Church independent schools asked! The object remaining committed to his rebellious decision ( Ex 9:13-35 ),... In an anonymous form other essential aspect of the methodology that we consisted... Management Journal, 55 ( 3 ), power drives confidence, and Lincoln Y.... Church independent schools were asked to describe their experiences of providing leadership to religiosity their... City in responding fire incidents and individuals in power want to keep those positions where they have from... Dealing with sensitive topics D. ( 2019b ) is an appearance of a mediated thing an...
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